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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="data-paper" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Refrigeration Technology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Refrigeration Technology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Холодильная техника</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>制冷技术</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0023-124X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-4241</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">112350</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RF112350</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Scientific Report</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Local cryotherapy investigation on the biotissue phantom</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исследование локального криовоздействия на фантоме биоткани</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-5450</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4390-3138</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saakyan</surname><given-names>Natalia Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саакян</surname><given-names>Наталия Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>natali.saakyan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1737-7838</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5796-8324</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pushkarev</surname><given-names>Aleksandr V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пушкарев</surname><given-names>Александр Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leading Engineer, Cand. Sci. (Tech.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ведущий инженер, к.т.н.</p></bio><email>pushkarev@bmstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bauman Moscow State Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный технический университет им. Н.Э. Баумана</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-12-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-08-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>111</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>181</fpage><lpage>188</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-11-03"><day>03</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-11-22"><day>22</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Saakyan N.Y., Pushkarev A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Саакян Н.Ю., Пушкарев А.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Saakyan N.Y., Pushkarev A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Саакян Н.Ю., Пушкарев А.В.</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://freezetech.ru/0023-124X/article/view/112350">https://freezetech.ru/0023-124X/article/view/112350</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND:</italic></bold> Local cryotherapy (LC) is a physiotherapeutic method for the treatment of various diseases, including musculoskeletal disorders. The physician relies on his experience and the data from the LC equipment manufacturer for the given method and exposure modes. This is not sufficient to determine the correct dosing and to understand the effect of the various treatment parameters on the biotissue to have precise control over the effects of the treatment on the biotissues. Hence, it is imperative to conduct a study of different LC methods and modes to perform effective and safe treatments. The surface temperature of the biotissue is a convenient measurable quantity to ensure efficiency and safety. Previous studies show that the target temperature is 10 ± 2 °C, with a lower limit of 0 °C. If the temperature drops below 0 °C, then tissue damage is possible.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM:</italic></bold> Experimental comparison and identification of the most suitable modes in two methods of contactless local cryotherapy.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</italic></bold> An experimental installation was developed and created. A series of experiments were carried out on a model medium with thermophysical properties close to those of the biotissues. The comparison of liquid nitrogen and air cooling was performed. The temperature was measured with resistance thermometers (Pt100) on a surface and inside of a model medium.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic></bold> When cooled by liquid nitrogen vapors from a distance of 10 and 15 cm from the surface, the accepted average target temperature of 10 °C was reached in 1.8 and 4.4 min, and at a depth of 8 mm, the temperature was 26.4 and 23.7 °C, respectively. When cooled with air from a distance of 10 cm from the surface with maximum and minimum flow, the target temperature was reached in 2.5 and 13.3 min, at a depth of 8 mm, the temperature was 22.9 and 16.0 °C, respectively. Although air cooling from a distance of 15 cm was not possible to lower the temperature down to the target value, the less intense flow made it possible to lower the internal temperature in the model medium more strongly while having a weaker effect on the surface. This effect can potentially be positive in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, mainly joints.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSIONS:</italic></bold> Among those tested, the most suitable modes of the considered methods that meet the requirements of efficiency, safety, and convenience of practical implementation were identified. For cooling using liquid nitrogen vapors, this is a mode spraying at a distance of 15 cm with a stable technique with a possible exposure time of 4.4 to 15 minutes. For air cooling, this is a mode with a stable technique with a constant flow with the nozzle fixed relative to the surface of the model medium at a distance of 10 cm with a minimum flow rate (350 l/min) with a possible exposure time of 13.3 to 21.5 min.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование.</italic></bold> Локальное криовоздействие, локальная криотерапия (ЛКТ) является одним из методов физиотерапевтического лечения различных болезней, в том числе костно-мышечной системы (КМС). При выборе способа и режимов воздействия медицинский работник полагается на свой опыт и данные от производителя оборудования локальной криотерапии. Этого недостаточно для корректного дозирования криовоздействия и понимания влияния этого воздействия в зависимости от параметров охлаждения. Следовательно, целесообразно проведение исследования различных способов ЛКТ и режимов для выполнения эффективного и безопасного воздействия. В качестве удобного и измеримого параметра выступает температура на поверхности биоткани. Проведенный анализ показывает, что целевая температура составляет 10±2 °С, предельная - 0 °С, при опускании ниже которой возможно повреждение биологических тканей.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель.</italic></bold> Экспериментальное сравнение и выявление наиболее подходящих режимов двух способов бесконтактной ЛКТ.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы.</italic></bold> Разработан и создан экспериментальный стенд. Проведена серия экспериментов на модельной среде с теплофизическими свойствам, близкими к биотканям. Выполнено сравнение охлаждения обдувом парами жидкого азота и воздухом. Температура измерялась термометрами сопротивления (Pt100) на поверхности и на глубине модельной среды.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты.</italic></bold> При охлаждении парами жидкого азота с расстояния 10 и 15 см от поверхности принятая средняя целевая температура 10 °С была достигнута за 1,8 и 4,4 мин, на глубине 8 мм температура составила 26,4 и 23,7 °С соответственно. При охлаждении воздухом с расстояния 10 см от поверхности с максимальным и минимальным расходом целевая температура была достигнута за 2,5 и 13,3 мин, на глубине 8 мм температура составила 22,9 и 16,0 °С соответственно. Менее интенсивный поток позволил сильнее снизить температуру внутри модельной среды, при этом слабее воздействуя на ее поверхность. Этот эффект потенциально может быть положителен при лечении болезней КМС (в основном, суставов).</p> <p><bold><italic>Выводы.</italic></bold> Выявлены наиболее подходящие режимы рассмотренных в работе способов, которые отвечают требованиям эффективности, безопасности и удобства практической реализации. Для азотной ЛКТ – это режим со стабильной методикой с постоянным потоком, с фиксацией насадки относительно поверхности модельной среды на расстоянии 15 см, с возможным временем воздействия от 4,4 до 15 мин. Для азотной ЛКТ – это режим со стабильной методикой, с постоянным потоком, с фиксацией насадки относительно поверхности модельной среды на расстоянии 10 см, с минимальным расходом (350 л/мин), с возможным временем воздействия от 13,3 до 21,5 мин.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>local cryotherapy</kwd><kwd>target temperature</kwd><kwd>musculoskeletal disorders</kwd><kwd>biotissue phantom</kwd><kwd>cooling modes</kwd><kwd>physiotherapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>локальное криовоздействие</kwd><kwd>целевая температура</kwd><kwd>болезни костно-мышечной системы</kwd><kwd>фантом биоткани</kwd><kwd>режимы охлаждения</kwd><kwd>физиотерапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation for state support for young Russian scientists-candidates of science (MK-3631.2022.1.2).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта Президента Российской Федерации для государственной поддержки молодых российских ученых – кандидатов наук (МК-3631.2022.1.2).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogolubov VM, Ponomarenko GY. 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