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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Refrigeration Technology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Refrigeration Technology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Холодильная техника</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>制冷技术</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0023-124X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-4241</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">632484</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RF632484</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Precooling systems in modern hydrogen liquefaction</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Системы предварительного охлаждения в современных ожижителях водорода</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5152-3559</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8727-4951</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krikunova</surname><given-names>Margarita P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крикунова</surname><given-names>Маргарита Петровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>graduate student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>krikunova@bmstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2380-6982</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5016-7729</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samokhvalov</surname><given-names>Yaroslav V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самохвалов</surname><given-names>Ярослав Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>head of laboratory of the RnD center “Cryogenic technologies in power engineering”</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующий лабораторией инжинирингового центра «Криогенные технологии в энергетике»</p></bio><email>samokhvalov@bmstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9671-8890</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4165-8154</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krotov</surname><given-names>Alexander S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кротов</surname><given-names>Александр Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>assistant professor, Cand. Sci. (Tech.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент, канд. тех. наук</p></bio><email>krotov@bmstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0009-7764</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyansky</surname><given-names>Nikolay N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полянский</surname><given-names>Николай Никитович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>engineer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инженер</p></bio><email>polansky@bmstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0960-4108</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8917-8176</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sitnikov</surname><given-names>Pavel R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ситников</surname><given-names>Павел Романович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>spr18ea332@student.bmstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9710-8008</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>Vsevolod O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>Всеволод Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>novikovvo@student.bmstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bauman Moscow State Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный технический университет им. Н.Э. Баумана</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-09-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>112</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>185</fpage><lpage>194</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-05-22"><day>22</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-08-15"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://freezetech.ru/0023-124X/article/view/632484">https://freezetech.ru/0023-124X/article/view/632484</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This study presents recommendations for selecting a circuit design for low-capacity hydrogen liquefaction plants with production rate up to 20 kg/h or 0.48 tpd (ton per day). Main design criteria considered are specific energy cost, as well as capital costs and overall characteristics of the system. Theoretical and real hydrogen liquefaction cycles are reviewed. Mathematical models of different circuits are built considering real parameters of the typical equipment. The advantages and disadvantages associated with certain solutions are identified, and the hydrogen-liquefaction energy efficiency trends are analysed. According to the results, the main of the circuits for low-capacity hydrogen liquefaction plants are selected as per the obtained results.</p> <p><bold>AIMS: </bold>Theoretical and real hydrogen liquefaction cycles are reviewed, and circuit design is mathematically modeled considering the typical equipment’s real parameters.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold> Hydrogen-liquefaction cycles are modeled using Aspen HYSYS. Further optimization and parameter selection are conducted using the MATLAB module “Global Optimization Toolbox.”</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Advantages and disadvantages associated with certain technological solutions are identified, and the hydrogen-liquefaction energy efficiency trends are analyzed.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> This study compares energy consumptions for liquefaction of various gases, showing the feasibility of energy consumption reduction for hydrogen liquefaction. The importance of continuous ortho–para conversion or increase in number of conversion stages via energy consumption reduction is presented. The main features of refrigerant cycles are described, and a precooling cycle using a mixed refrigerant is selected. Mixed-refrigerant precooling cycle and liquid nitrogen precooling are compared in terms of economic efficiency. The main issues of refrigerant selection are described, and the basic principles of modeling and parameter selection for a small-capacity hydrogen-liquefaction cycle are presented. A low-temperature helium cycle is modeled with the precooling circuit based on a mixed-refrigerant cycle. We reveal an optimum range of precooling temperatures for decrease in overall specific power consumption using a mixed refrigerant in a small-capacity hydrogen liquefaction plant of 80K–100K.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> В настоящей работе представлены рекомендации по выбору схемы установки ожижения водорода малой производительности до 20 кг/ч (0,48 тонн/сутки). Основными рассматриваемыми критериями являются удельные энергозатраты цикла ожижения, капитальные затраты для его организации, а также общие характеристики систем ожижения. В ходе настоящего исследования были рассмотрены теоретический и реальный циклы ожижения водорода, было проведено математическое моделирование цикла с учетом реальных параметров оборудования. Были выявлены преимущества и недостатки некоторых технологических решений, а проанализированы тренды изменения эффективности установок сжижения водорода в целом. По результатам проведенного анализа были выбраны основные элементы цикла для установок ожижения водорода малой мощности.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы</bold> — рассмотреть теоретические и реальные циклы ожижения водорода, провести математическое моделирование цикла с учетом реальных параметров оборудования</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> В программной среде Aspen HYSYS было проведено моделирование цикла ожижения водорода. Дальнейшая оптимизация и подбор оптимальных значений рабочих параметров проведены с помощью модуля Global Optimization Toolbox программного комплекса MATLAB</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Выявлены преимущества и недостатки технологических решений, применяемых в установках ожижения водорода. Определена тенденция повышения эффективности установок сжижения водорода.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> В данной работе представлено сравнение энергозатрат на ожижение различных газов, которое показывает возможность снижения энергозатрат на ожижение водорода. Показано влияние непрерывной орто-пара-конверсии или увеличения ступеней конверсии на энергопотребление. Описаны основные особенности холодильных циклов и обоснован выбор цикла предварительного охлаждения на смешанном хладагенте (СХА). Экономические показатели, характеризующие холодильные машины, работающие на СХА, сравнивали с экономическими показателями систем, использующих предварительное охлаждение продукта жидким азотом. Описаны основные трудности выбора хладагента при моделировании. Представлены основные принципы моделирования и выбора параметров оптимизации цикла ожижения водорода малой мощности. Смоделирован низкотемпературный гелиевый цикл, затем с учетом полученных результатов смоделирован контур предварительного охлаждения на смесевом хладагенте. Выявлен оптимальный диапазон температур (80-100К) предварительного охлаждения на смесевом хладагенте, при котором наблюдается снижение общего удельного энергопотребления в установках ожижения водорода малой мощности.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Liquid hydrogen</kwd><kwd>liquefaction</kwd><kwd>precooling circuit</kwd><kwd>mixed refrigerant</kwd><kwd>optimization</kwd><kwd>energy efficiency</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>жидкий водород</kwd><kwd>ожижение</kwd><kwd>установка предварительного охлаждения</kwd><kwd>cмесевой хладагент (СХА)</kwd><kwd>оптимизация</kwd><kwd>энергоэффективность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Capurso T, Stefanizzi M, Torresi M, Camporeale SM. Perspective of the role of hydrogen in the 21st century energy transition. 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