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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Refrigeration Technology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Refrigeration Technology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Холодильная техника</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>制冷技术</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0023-124X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-4241</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">657511</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RF657511</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">KGUXJY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evolution of liquid nitrogen supply modules in cooling systems for cryotherapy units</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эволюция блоков подачи жидкого азота в систему охлаждения криотерапевтического комплекса</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9263-8153</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1591-4442</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baranov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баранов</surname><given-names>Александр Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Tech.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>abaranov@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5127-9959</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9397-9168</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Tech.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. т. н</p></bio><email>evlogvinenko@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6067-4982</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1944-4210</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baranov</surname><given-names>Vladimir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баранов</surname><given-names>Владимир Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>baranov@krion.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9795-4167</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baranov</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баранов</surname><given-names>Иван Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>baranov@krion.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">ITMO Univercity</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет ИТМО</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="kk"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="pt"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">ITMO Univercity</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет ИТМО</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research and production enterprise "KRION"</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-производственное предприятие «КРИОН»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>114</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>16</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-19"><day>19</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-15"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://freezetech.ru/0023-124X/article/view/657511">https://freezetech.ru/0023-124X/article/view/657511</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>For over 25 years now, single cryotherapy units (cryosaunas) have been produced and used in clinical practice in the Russian Federation. Cryotherapy is a type of physiotherapy based on short-term contact of the entire surface of the human body's skin with a gaseous medium cooled to cryogenic temperatures. Reducing skin temperature through intensive heat transfer to the cryogenic gas (coolant) stimulates the skin's cold receptors and creates conditions for the treatment of some socially significant diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, asthma, allergy, etc. The main operational issue with such units is that the patient's skin releases a large amount of accumulated heat in contact with cryogenic gas. The most effective method to remove this heat flow is to use liquid nitrogen as a heat-receptive medium (cryogen). The world's first cryotherapy unit based on liquid nitrogen was used to discover and prove the effectiveness of cryotherapy. Then, the effectiveness of nitrogen refrigeration systems was questioned and they were replaced by compression refrigeration systems in some countries. In Russia, nitrogen refrigeration technology was developed and adapted to the design of single cryotherapy units. Thus, this cryosauna offers the highest cryotherapy efficacy with the lowest consumption of liquid nitrogen.</p> <p>This work aimed to analyze liquid nitrogen supply units in the cryosauna refrigeration system and identify the most effective technology.</p> <p>It was found that nitrogen refrigeration systems allow to remove a greater amount of heat with the lowest energy consumption. Moreover, no additional refrigeration equipment is required. Contact nitrogen refrigeration systems have lower thermal inertia and higher efficiency of liquid cryogen. It is proposed to use of an alternative cryogen in multi-seat cryotherapy units. Contact nitrogen refrigeration systems in single cryotherapy units is the most reasonable option in terms of power and technology.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>На данный момент, уже свыше 25 лет, в РФ производят и используют в клинической практике одноместные установки для общего криотерапевтического воздействия (криосауны). Общее криотерапевтическое воздействие – физиотерапевтическая процедура, основанная на кратковременном контакте всей поверхности кожи человеческого тела с газовой средой, охлажденной до криогенных температур. Снижение температуры кожи за счет интенсивного отвода теплоты к криогенному газу (теплоносителю) стимулирует холодовые рецепторы кожи и создает условия для лечения ряда социально-значимых заболеваний: ревматоидного артрита, псориаза, бронхиальной астмы, аллергии и т.д. Основная эксплуатационная проблема таких установок связана с тем, что при контакте с криогенным газом кожный покров пациентам выделяет большое количество аккумулированной теплоты. Наиболее эффективным способом отвода этого теплового потока является использование жидкого азота в качестве теплопоглощающей среды (криоагента). С использованием жидкого азота работала первая в мире криотерапевтического и установка, с помощью которой была открыта и доказана эффективность общего криотерапевтического воздействия. Впоследствии чего, эффективность систем азотного охлаждения была поставлена под сомнение и в ряде стран их заменили компрессионными рефрижераторными системами. В России технология азотного охлаждения была развита и адаптирована к конструкции одноместных криотерапевтических систем. Благодаря этому такой тип криосаун позволяет получать максимальный криотерапевтический эффект при минимальных затратах жидкого азота.</p> <p>Цель работы – провести анализ блоков подачи жидкого азота в систему охлаждения криосаун и выявить наиболее эффективную технологию. В результате установлено, что азотные системы охлаждения позволяют отводить большее количество теплоты при минимальных затратах энергии, более того, не требуется установка дополнительного рефрижераторного оборудования. Контактные системы азотного охлаждения обладают меньшей тепловой инерцией, а эффективность использования жидкого криоагента более высокая. Предложено использование альтернативного криоагента в многоместных криотерапетических установках. Использование азотных систем охлаждения контактного типа в одноместных криотерапевтических системах наиболее обосновано энергетически и технологически.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cryotherapy</kwd><kwd>liquid nitrogen</kwd><kwd>cryogen</kwd><kwd>cryosauna</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>общее криотерапевтическое воздействие</kwd><kwd>жидкий азот</kwd><kwd>криоагент</kwd><kwd>криосауна</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Baranov A, Pakhomov O, Fedorov A, et al. Technique and Technology of Whole-Body Cryotherapy (WBC). In: Low-temperature Technologies. IntechOpen; 2020. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.83680</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Yamauchi RA, Yamauchi YT, Kazuya Miura. The analgesic effects of −170°C whole body cryo-therapy on rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.); curable. 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