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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Refrigeration Technology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Refrigeration Technology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Холодильная техника</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>制冷技术</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0023-124X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-4241</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">678130</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RF678130</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">FTEMLG</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Liquid cooling system performance analysis: free cooling opportunities in Saint Petersburg</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ эффективности систем охлаждения жидкости: возможности фрикулинга в Санкт-Петербурге</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sigunov</surname><given-names>Rostislav V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сигунов</surname><given-names>Ростислав Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rsigunov@thermexenergy.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0595-368X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57209773690</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1938-6901</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baranov</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баранов</surname><given-names>Игорь Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>barigor@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1614-7392</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57213689378</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6602-5288</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitropov</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митропов</surname><given-names>Владимир Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>vvmitropov@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">ITMO University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет ИТМО</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>114</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-04"><day>04</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-27"><day>27</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-11-29"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://freezetech.ru/0023-124X/article/view/678130">https://freezetech.ru/0023-124X/article/view/678130</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper presents an analysis and comparison of the energy and cost effectiveness of year-round liquid cooling systems that could be used in the climate of Saint Petersburg. An analysis of average monthly outdoor air temperatures over the past 10 years and the calculation of the seasonal energy performance ratio of a standard chiller and a chiller with an integrated free cooling system allowed to calculate the cost effectiveness of the free cooling technology.</p> <p>The study showed that a chiller with an integrated free cooling system has a significantly higher (by approximately 30%) seasonal energy performance ratio compared to a standard chiller. A cost estimate has confirmed that, despite higher initial capital costs, the free cooling system provides annual energy savings of approximately 1.5 million RUB. Economic benefits (return on additional investment) are already achieved in the first year of operation due to a significant reduction in operating costs.</p> <p>This study analyzes and provides design solutions for cooling systems based on real-life climate data for Saint Petersburg (average annual temperature = 7.1 °C) and the parameters of specific systems, enhansing the applicability of the findings in desiging energy-efficient systems in this region.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В данной работе представлен анализ и сравнительная оценка энергетической и экономической эффективности систем круглогодичного охлаждения жидкости, применимых в климатических условиях г. Санкт-Петербурга. На основе анализа среднемесячных температур наружного воздуха за последние 10 лет и расчета сезонного коэффициента энергоэффективности для стандартного чиллера с и чиллера со встроенным фрикулингом, выполнен расчет экономической эффективности внедрения технологии свободного охлаждения.</p> <p>Результаты исследования показали, что чиллер со встроенным фрикулингом обладает значительно более высоким (примерно на 30%) значением сезонного коэффициента энергоэффективности по сравнению со стандартным чиллером. Экономический расчет подтвердил, что несмотря на более высокие первоначальные капитальные затраты, система с фрикулингом обеспечивает годовую экономию на электроэнергии около 1,5 млн. руб. Экономическая выгода (окупаемость дополнительных инвестиций) достигается уже в первый год эксплуатации за счет существенного снижения эксплуатационных расходов.</p> <p>Новизна работы заключается в проведении анализа и расчетов для систем охлаждения с учетом специфики реальных климатических данных Санкт-Петербурга (среднегодовая температура 7,1°C) и параметров конкретных установок, что повышает практическую применимость полученных результатов для проектирования энергоэффективных систем в данном регионе.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chiller</kwd><kwd>free cooling</kwd><kwd>dry cooler</kwd><kwd>energy performance ratio</kwd><kwd>cooling capacity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>чиллер</kwd><kwd>фрикулинг</kwd><kwd>драйкулер</kwd><kwd>коэффициент энергоэффективности</kwd><kwd>холодопроизводительность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kwon TD, Jeong JW. 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