Underground parts of fence fortifications in Siberia in the late 16th – early 18th century

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription Access

Abstract

The article presents the results of a study in the design of the underground part of the fence walls in wooden defensive structures. It was established that to date this issue has not been properly developed. The source base consists of the results of archaeological research and data from written sources. The paper provides information on the depth and width of the fence grooves, their shape and the interdependence of these parameters. The author established the fact that there existed a standard for deepening fence into the ground. The issue of the multiple fence walls is considered in detail. It is proved that such fence structures did not exist, but the “multiple fence” pattern recorded on some sites is only a reflection of repairs of fence walls as well as the presence of retaining walls and supporting structures of platforms. It was found that the fence posts were dug into the ground rather than clogged. The latter technique was typical for the pillars of auxiliary structures at the fence.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

Sergey V. Gorokhov

Novosibirsk National Research State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: gorokhov.sv@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk

References

  1. Adamov A.A., Balyunov I.V., Danilov P.G., 2008. Gorod Tobol’sk. Arkheologicheskiy ocherk [The city of Tobolsk. An archaeological study]. Tobol’sk. 114 p.
  2. Akty Moskovskago gosudarstva [Acts of the Moscow State], I. Razryadnyy prikaz”. Moskovskiy stol”. 1571–1634 [Order-in-charge Prikaz. Moscow Office. 1571–1634]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiya Imperatorskoy Akademii nauk, 1890. 802 p.
  3. Akty Moskovskago gosudarstva, izdannye Imperatorskoyu akademieyu nauk” [Acts of the Moscow State, published by the Imperial Academy of Sciences], III. Razryadnyy prikaz”. Moskovskiy stol”. 1660–1664 [Order-in-charge Prikaz. Moscow Office. 1660–1664]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiya Imperatorskoy Akademii nauk, 1901. 708 p.
  4. Anoshko O.M., Klimenko A.I., 2019. Tobolsk posad stockade town of the 17th century. Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy [Theory and practice of archaeological research], 3, pp. 7–19. (In Russ.)
  5. Balandin S.N., 1974. Oboronnaya arkhitektura Sibiri v XVII v. [Defensive architecture of Siberia in the 17th century]. Goroda Sibiri (ekonomika, upravlenie i kul’tura gorodov Sibiri v dosovetskiy period) [Towns of Siberia (economy, administration and culture of Siberian towns in the pre-Soviet period)]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 7–37.
  6. Borodovskiy A.P., Gorokhov S.V., 2008. Defensive structures of the Umrevinsky stockade town (archaeological research of 2002–2004). Arkheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii [Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia], 4, pp. 70–82. (In Russ.)
  7. Botalov S.G., 1998. Archaeological studies in the cultural layer of the 18th–19th centuries. Chelyabinsk neizvestnyy [The unknown Chelyabinsk], 2. Chelyabinsk, pp. 7–14. (In Russ.)
  8. Dopolneniya k” aktam” istoricheskim”, sobrannyya i izdannyya Arkheograficheskoyu kommissieyu [Supplements to historical acts, collected and published by the Archaeographical Commission], 6. St. Petersburg: Tipografiya E. Pratsa, 1857. 518 p.
  9. Gevel’ E.V., Lysenko D.N., 2015. The Yenisei fortified settlement – the main attraction of the Yenisei Siberia. Arkhitekturnoe nasledie Sibiri [Architectural heritage of Siberia]. Krasnoyarsk: Sibirskiy federal’nyy universitet, pp. 71–86. (In Russ.)
  10. Gorokhov S.V., 2024а. The design of the above-ground part of the fence walls in the Russian defensive structures in Siberia and the Far East of the late 16th – early 18th century. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya. Filologiya [Bulletin of Novosibirsk State University. Series: History. Philology], 23, 3, pp. 111–121. (In Russ.)
  11. Gorokhov S.V., 2024б. Methods of attaching fence logs in stockade fence walls in Siberia and the Far East in the late 16th – early 18th century. Vestnik arkheologii, antropologii i etnografii [Vestnik Arheologii, Antropologii i Etnografii]. (In print). (In Russ.)
  12. Gorokhov S.V., 2025. Architectural features of the prison town fences in the cities of Siberia and the Far East of the 17th century. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Istoriya [Perm University Herald. History]. (In print). (In Russ.)
  13. Kimeev V.M., Shirin Yu.V., 1998. Sosnovsky Cossack stockade town. Pritomskie kalmaki: Istoriko-etnograficheskie ocherki [The Tom region Kalmaks: Historical and ethnographic studies]. Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat, pp. 35–55. (In Russ.)
  14. Kochedamov V.I., 1978. Pervye russkie goroda Sibiri [First Russian towns of Siberia]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 190 p.
  15. Korchagin P.A., 2012. Istoriya Verkhotur’ya (1598–1926). Zakonomernosti sotsial’no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya i skladyvaniya arkhitekturno-istoricheskoy sredy goroda [History of Verkhoturye (1598–1926). Patterns of social and economic development and the formation of the architectural and historical environment of the city]. Ekaterinburg: Bank kul’turnoy informatsii. 288 p.
  16. Kradin N., 2013. Ilimsky stockade town in the Taltsy Museum of Wooden Architecture near Irkutsk. Proekt Baykal [Project Baikal], 37–38, pp. 44–53. (In Russ.)
  17. Kradin N.P., 1986. Defensive walls as an element in the composition of wooden fortresses in Siberia. Problemy okhrany i osvoeniya kul’turno-istoricheskikh landshaftov Sibiri [Problems of protection and development of cultural and historical landscapes of Siberia]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 238–252. (In Russ.)
  18. Krasovskiy M., 2002. Entsiklopediya russkoy arkhitektury. Derevyannoe zodchestvo [Encyclopedia of Russian architecture. Wooden architecture]. St. Petersburg: Satis”. 385 p.
  19. Laskovskiy F., 1858а. Karty, plany i chertezhi k” I chasti materiyalov” dlya istorii inzhenernago iskusstva v” Rossii [Maps, plans and drawings to the first part of materials for the history of engineering art in Russia]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiya Imperatorskoy Akademii nauk. 29 p.
  20. Laskovskiy F., 1858б. Materialy dlya istorii inzhenernago iskusstva v” Rossii [Materials for the history of engineering art in Russia], I. Opyt izsledovaiya inzhenernago dela v” Rossii do XVIII stoletiya [Experience in researching engineering in Russia before the 18th century]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiya Imperatorskoy Akademii nauk. 322 p.
  21. Lbova L.V., 1995. Archaeological research on Udinsky stockade town in 1988. Tivanenko A.V. Udinskiy ostrog: pervoe stoletie Ulan-Ude [Udinsky stockade town: the first century of Ulan-Ude]. Ulan-Ude: Buryatskiy nauchnyy tsentr Sibirskogo otdeleniya Rossiyskoy akademii nauk, pp. 98–107. (In Russ.)
  22. Lysenko D.N., Slyadnev A.M., Galukhin L.L., Zharnikov Z.Yu., Barakhovich P.N., Glushenko M.A., 2020. Defensive structures of the Yenisei stockade town of the mid-17th – early 18th century. Zhizn’ i smert’ v Rossiyskoy imperii. Novye otkrytiya v oblasti arkheologii i istorii Rossii XVIII–XIX vv. [Life and death in the Russian Empire. New discoveries in the field of archaeology and history of Russia of the 18th–19th centuries]. Moscow: Indrik, pp. 82–91. (In Russ.)
  23. Matveev A.V., Anoshko O.M., Klimenko A.I., 2012. Remains of old Tobolsk fortifications on Cape Chukman. Ab Origine, 4. Tyumen’: Izdatel’stvo Tyumenskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, pp. 176–191. (In Russ.)
  24. Matveev A.V., Anoshko O.M., Seliverstova T.V., 2010. Tobolsk Posad stockade town of the 17th century (based on archaeological research at the Chukman excavation site in 2008–2009). Kul’tura kak sistema v istoricheskom kontekste: Opyt Zapadno-Sibirskikh arkheologo-etnograficheskikh soveshchaniy [Culture as a system in the historical context: Experience of West Siberian archaeological and ethnographic sessions]. Tomsk: Agraf-Press, pp. 205–209. (In Russ.)
  25. Matveev A.V., Anoshko O.M., Somova M.A., Seliverstova T.V., Bormotina Yu.V., 2008. Preliminary results of the first year of excavations by the Tyumen University archaeological expedition in Tobolsk. Ab Origine: problemy genezisa kul’tur Sibiri [Ab Origine: issues of the genesis of Siberian cultures]. Tyumen’: Tri T, pp. 114–149. (In Russ.)
  26. Matveev A.V., Trofimov Yu.V., 2005. Russian military-defensive structures of the Middle Irtysh region in the 16th – first half of the 18th century (history and archaeology). Kul’tura russkikh v arkheologicheskikh issledovaniyakh [The culture of Russians in archaeological research]. Omsk: Izdatel’stvo Omskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, pp. 79–96. (In Russ.)
  27. Molodin V.I., Novikov A.V., Kenig A.V., Dobzhanskiy V.N., Vybornov A.V., Vedmid’ G.P., Myglan V.S., Zaytseva E.A., Maynicheva A.Yu., Shil’ A.A., 2018. Kazymskiy arkheologo-etnograficheskiy kompleks [Kazymsky archaeological and ethnographic complex]. Novosibirsk: Izdatel’stvo Instituta arkheologii i etnografii Sibirskogo otdeleniya Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. 264 p.
  28. Nikitin A.V., 1961. Bratsk stockade town. Sovetskaya arkheologiya [Soviet archaeology], 2, pp. 213–226. (In Russ.)
  29. Nosov K.S., 2002. Russkie kreposti i osadnaya tekhnika, VIII–XVII vv. [Russian fortresses and siege equipment of the 8th–17th centuries AD]. St.Petersburg: Poligon. 176 p.
  30. Samigulov G.Kh., Mishin S.A., 2005. Types of fences in Chelyabinsk in the 18th – first third of the 19th century. Kul’tura russkikh v arkheologicheskikh issledovaniyakh [The culture of Russians in archaeological research]. Omsk: Izdatel’stvo Omskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, pp. 145–154. (In Russ.)
  31. Sedyakina E.F., 1972. Excavations of Ilimsky stockade town. Arkheologicheskie otkrytiya 1971 g. [Archaeological discoveries of 1971]. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 305–306. (In Russ.)
  32. Sekretar’ L.A., 1986. On the typology of wooden log fences in monasteries and cemeteries of the 18th century. Problemy issledovaniya, restavratsii i ispol’zovaniya arkhitekturnogo naslediya Karelii i sopredel’nykh oblastey [Issues of research, restoration and usage of the architectural heritage of Karelia and adjacent regions]. Petrozavodsk: Petrozavodskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, pp. 59–73. (In Russ.)
  33. Shchukin N., 1844. Poezdka v” Yakutsk” [Trip to Yakutsk]. St.Petersburg: Tipografiya Departamenta Voennykh Poseleniy. 241 p.
  34. Shirin Yu.V., 2017. Report on the research work of the Kuzbass archaeological and ethnographic expedition in 1997 “Excavations of Sosnovsky, Mungatsky and Verkhotomsky Cossack stockade towns in Kemerovo Region” (1997) (Electronic resource). Golubev M.E., Kimeev V.M. Ostrogi Pritom’ya v istoricheskoy retrospektive: monografiya [Stockade towns of the Tom River region in historical retrospect: monograph]. Kemerovo: Kemerovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet. CD-ROM. Suppl. 6. (In Russ.)
  35. Tarasov A.Yu., 2001. To the history of studying Krasnoyarsk stockade town. Narody Prieniseyskoy Sibiri. Istoriya i sovremennost’ [Peoples of the Yenisei Siberia. History and modernity]. Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarskiy gosudarstvennyy pedagogicheskiy universitet, pp. 145–149. (In Russ.)
  36. Vasil’evskiy R.S., Molodin V.I., Sedyakina E.F., 1978. Research on Ilimsky stockade town. Drevnie kul’tury Priangar’ya [Ancient cultures of the Angara River region]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 215–232. (In Russ.)
  37. Vladimirov M., Georgievskiy G.P., 1933. Drevne-russkaya miniatyura. 100 listov miniatyur s opisaniem i stat’yami [Miniature painings of Rus. 100 sheets of miniature paintings with descriptions and articles]. Moscow: Academia. 324 p.
  38. Zakh V.A., Sidorova E.V., 2021. Study in Tarkhansky stockade town – a historical site of Siberian Cossacks. Sovremennoe kazachestvo v patrioticheskom, dukhovnom vospitanii podrastayushchego pokoleniya, sokhranenii istoricheskoy pamyati i protivodeystvii fal’sifikatsii rossiyskoy istorii, formirovanii u molodezhi ustoychivoy istoricheskoy identichnosti [Modern Cossacks in patriotic and spiritual education of the younger generation, preserving historical memory and countering the perversion of Russian history, forming stable historical identity in young people]. Tyumen’: Pechatnik, pp. 90–94. (In Russ.)

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download
2. Fig. 1. Depth of the fence grooves

Download (121KB)
Indexing metadata
3. Fig. 2. Width of the fence grooves

Download (118KB)
Indexing metadata
4. Fig. 3. Varieties of the fence groove profiles. 3 – after Molodin et al., 2018. P. 24. Fig. 15

Download (134KB)
Indexing metadata
5. Fig. 4. Reconstruction of sections of walls with the remains of double and triple rows of vertical logs

Download (222KB)
Indexing metadata

Copyright (c) 2024 Russian Academy of Sciences