Refrigeration Technology

Peer-review quarterly journal.

About

The journal publish fundamental and applied research and reviews also with informational and analytical articles on all areas of refrigeration, cryogenic engineering and technology, air conditioning and ventilation, automation and control, re-transport, food production processes and equipment, working substances, environmental problems and energy saving.

The journal is the primary source of information on fundamental and applied works of leading scientists.

Founder & Publisher

Editor-in-Chief

Indexing

  • Russian Science Citation Index
  • Agris
  • Google Scholar
  • WorldCat
  • Ulrich's Periodicals Directory

APC, Publication & Distribution

  • Articles in English and Russian
  • quarterly issues 
  • continuously publication online in Online First
  • Hybrid Access (Subscription or Open Access with CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 License)
  • No Article Processing Charges and/or Article Publication Charges (APC) 

Types of accepted articles

  • reviews
  • systematic reviews and metaanalyses
  • original research
  • letters to the editor
  • short communications

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Current Issue

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Vol 112, No 1 (2023)

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Reviews

Diagnostic system of the facility for studying superconducting quadrupoles
Ageev A.I., Kozub S.S., Stolyarov M.N.
Abstract

For the HED@FAIR project, NRC “Kurchatov Institute” — IHEP creates four quadrupole magnets with a unique combination of a large internal diameter of the superconducting winding and a high magnetic field gradient in the magnet aperture. To evaluate these superconducting magnets in different operation modes (cooling, maintaining operating parameters, heating, and transitioning magnet to the normal state), a cryogenic facility equipped with a diagnostic system was created. The main measured parameters of the unit were temperature, pressure, and vacuum in the equipment and pipelines, levels of liquid helium and liquid nitrogen, level of the gas holder, and helium flow rate. The control devices were represented by valves with electric and valves. For processing incoming signals from sensors and generation of control actions, the equipment of the domestic company OVEN was used, particularly analog input modules MV110, discrete output modules MU110, and interface converters alternating current four and direct current power supplies. The critical part of the diagnostics system, namely, the control of cryogenic valves, was provided through analog output modules NI 9219 and input modules NI 9212 (feedback) of the CompactRIO chassis. The program part of the installation for the study of superconducting quadruples is a mnemonic diagram with interactive graphic elements, physically located on the computer (operator console), and available in the read mode via the remote desktop protocol to users outside the installation. The mnemonic scheme allows the manual control of the plant’s valves and the automatic regulation of some indicators, depending on the settings assigned by the operator. The dynamics of the processes can be monitored with graphs on the right side of the interface. These graphs are displayed on a separate display at the operator’s console, whereas they are displayed on a unified screen for remote users.

Refrigeration Technology. 2023;112(1):5-12
pages 5-12 views
Climate systems of urban electric buses
Lavrov N.A., Savinov M.A.
Abstract

This article considers the climate systems of urban electric buses from different manufacturers, as well as presents and compares their characteristics and diagrams. Climate systems with two vapor compression refrigeration machines, a dependent evaporator of the driver’s cabin, and a chiller-fan coil circuit are analyzed, the existing domestic microclimate system for an electric bus is considered, and the advantages and disadvantages of these systems are presented. The influence of the features of electric buses, such as the limited battery capacity and absence of an internal combustion engine as a heat source, on the concept and design features of their microclimate systems is shown. The features of climate systems for electric buses intended for operation in the territory of the Russian Federation are considered, including the following technical requirements of organizations operating city electric buses: dual-zone climate control, i.e., separately for the passenger salon and driver’s cabin, and the possibility of using an auxiliary heater operating by burning diesel fuel only at ambient temperatures below 0 ℃ and at relatively low ambient temperatures during the cold season. The review conducted in this article aims to identify ways to further improve the climate systems of urban electric buses and demonstrate the various criteria when comparing them and assessing their efficiency.

Refrigeration Technology. 2023;112(1):13-20
pages 13-20 views

Original Study Articles

Substantiation of the possibility of gas liquefaction in oil–free low–speed refrigeration compressors
Busarov S.S., Nedovenchany A.V., Kapelyukhovskaya A.A.
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Existing refrigeration machines contain four main units, i.e., compressor, condenser, expander, and evaporator that perform the refrigeration cycle. Currently, the liquefaction of the refrigerant occurs in the condenser. The creation of the conditions under which condensation of the working fluid would occur in the compressor unit would make the development of a compact refrigeration machine possible by eliminating the condenser from it.

AIMS: This work aims to investigate the possibility of creating a compact refrigeration machine with the implementation of the condensation process of the working fluid in the compression chamber of the compressor.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The object of the study is a low–speed compressor, in which the pressure ratio significantly exceeds known analogs and simultaneously the temperature is significantly lower than that of high–speed machines because of the creation of conditions under which compression occurs with polytropic indicators below 1.08. The research method involves determining the gas temperature at critical pressure and comparing the obtained result with the critical temperature. The system of equations and assumptions used relates to the model with lumped parameters of the working fluid.

RESULTS: The results obtained on the compression of such refrigerants as ammonia, carbon dioxide, R12, R22, and Freon–134a showed the possibility of obtaining the required pressures in a low–speed machine at temperatures significantly below the critical temperature.

CONCLUSIONS: This work examines and proposes to study further those working fluids of refrigeration machines that can go into the liquid phase in a low–speed compressor unit because of their characteristics and operating parameters in the refrigeration machine. Further experimental confirmation of this will enable partial or complete elimination of the condenser unit in the refrigeration machine.

Refrigeration Technology. 2023;112(1):21-27
pages 21-27 views
Theoretical basis and practical implementation of “bi-refrigerant” and “two-compressor” refrigeration machine schemes
Syazin I.E., Gukasyan A.V.
Abstract

The operating conditions of a refrigeration machine determine its energy efficiency. Some industries, particularly the food industry, are characterized by seasonal (short-term) consumption of cold in the low-temperature range (−40℃ and below) when rapid freezing of the product is required to achieve high quality because of finely dispersed crystallization of moisture and a “shock” temperature for psychrophilic microorganisms. To solve this problem, the periodic use of a low-temperature refrigerant, which, from a rational technical point of view, is not always combined with the constant required temperature of refrigerated storage because of possible operation under vacuum conditions and other difficulties, is advised. The difference between the temperature regime of the required short-term (seasonal or periodic) processing and the constant (main) temperature regime (e.g., refrigerated storage of products) often reaches 20℃ or more, which imposes certain restrictions on the design or operation of the refrigeration machine. In this regard, small and medium-sized refrigeration machines with the capability to operate on two refrigerants (e.g., low and medium temperatures, with periodic automatic mutual replacement) are promising. Such a refrigeration machine is referred to as “bi-refrigerant” in this study. The aforementioned difficulties are also solved by the proposed scheme of a “two-compressor” refrigeration machine, in which the possibility of its operation is realized during periodic change of modes from one stage to two stages, and vice versa, according to the need for the corresponding differences in boiling and condensation pressures.

BACKGROUND: Environmental conditions and boiling point impose certain requirements on the selection of refrigerant and the design of the refrigeration machine, which often necessitates the division of the design period of operation of the refrigeration machine into two seasons, i.e., summer and winter, or the main operating mode (e.g., refrigerated storage) and nonessential (e.g., freezing seasonal or periodically supplied products to the refrigerator). This need may be especially acute in seasonal refrigerators and refrigerators operating under the conditions of large differences in ambient temperatures that periodically occur in some geographic areas. The need for a two-season (“bi-refrigerant”) refrigeration machine arises not due to fluctuations in the conversion coefficient under different environmental conditions (although this does occur) or a change in operating mode from the refrigeration cycle to the heat cycle (heat pump) but due to the seasonality of the supply of products subject to primary processing (quick freezing).

AIMS: This work aims to provide theoretical justification for the practical implementation of the “bi-refrigerant” and “two-compressor” refrigeration machine schemes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A theoretical investigation method was used to propose schemes for “bi-refrigerant” and “two-compressor” refrigeration machines, was used. The objects of the study were the diagrams of vapor compression refrigeration machines.

RESULTS: A schematic diagram of a “bi-refrigerant” refrigeration machine operating by periodically replacing “seasonal” refrigerants has been developed. A schematic diagram of a “two-compressor” refrigeration machine, which provides the possibility of periodically changing a one-stage to a two-stage cycle, has been presented. A diagram of the automatic control of the proposed solutions is presented using the example of a “bi-refrigerant” refrigeration machine. Mathematical support and justification of the developed schemes are also presented.

CONCLUSIONS: Our investigation revealed the theoretically justified possibility of using “bi-refrigerant” and “two-compressor” refrigeration machine schemes, e.g., in industries with seasonal short-term supply of short-term products subject to rapid (low-temperature) freezing or in other industries that require periodic changes in the boiling point of the refrigerant. Delaying factors in the application of the proposed “bi-refrigerant” refrigeration machine design may be the selection of compressor oil capable of operating on two refrigerants and the need to carefully solve the problem of circulation and its return to the compressor. However, this problem can be solved.

Refrigeration Technology. 2023;112(1):29-38
pages 29-38 views
Study of local cryotherapy methods for the knee joint
Pushkarev A.V., Saakyan N.Y., Butorina A.V.
Abstract

BACKGROUND: A promising method for treating musculoskeletal disorders to alleviate symptoms and promote recovery is local cryotherapy (LC). Proper control and regulation of the procedure enable safe interventions with predictable therapeutic effects for various locations.

AIMS: This study aims to identify measurable physical criteria for the effectiveness of the LC procedure and the dosing characteristics and to compare and analyze the capabilities of various methods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experiment involved 16 volunteers who were randomized into 4 groups. The first and second groups underwent LC using ice bags for 20 min with a cooling agent consisting of an ice and water mixture and a 23.1% sodium chloride solution. The third and fourth groups underwent nitrogen (for 3 min) and air (for 20 min) LC, respectively. During the experiment, the skin temperature was measured using a temperature sensor and thermal imaging camera.

RESULTS: The lowest value of the minimum final temperature after cooling was recorded with liquid nitrogen vapor as equal to 0.88 ± 1.75 ℃. The minimum area of the work zone was 33.7 ± 7.1 cm2. When cooled with an ice bag with water and ice, the most uniform distribution of the temperature field among the investigated cases was observed, with the highest values of the minimum final temperature (i.e., 6.43 ± 0.90 ℃) and minimum area of the work zone (i.e., 135.2 ± 34.6 cm2) among the investigated methods.

CONCLUSIONS: The main physical criteria for the effectiveness of LC are identified as temperature and the dynamics of its changes on the surface of the object of exposure. A dosing characteristic, i.e., the area of the work zone, was proposed and evaluated. In the area of the work zone, the target temperature is achieved. Based on the main physical criteria, the three main cooling methods are compared. These methods achieve the target result in different ways. The easiest to use and prepare are contact methods using ice bags. Air cooling in the investigated mode is more easily tolerated by the subjects, and in terms of the physical criteria, it is equivalent to contact methods. Cooling with nitrogen vapor leads to the fastest achievement of the target temperature on the surface and the least cooling of internal tissues; therefore, cooling deep into the biological tissue is limited.

Refrigeration Technology. 2023;112(1):39-47
pages 39-47 views

Short Communications

Adjustable partial body cryotherapy
Shakurov A.V.
Abstract

Based on an analysis of the technical level of equipment utilized in cryotherapy, the issue of increasing the dosing accuracy and, accordingly, ensuring accurate and uniform cooling of a biological object was identified, which required research into the issues of controlled cooling. A software for predicting the result of cryotherapy has been developed, and a range of rational parameters for supplying gas to the cabin of the installation has been determined when performing controlled cryotherapy (i.e., from 40 to 70 g/s and from −140℃ to −160℃). An experimental model of a new type of installation, which enables cryotherapy to be conducted with changes in the main parameters of the equipment in operation in a wide range of cooling gas flow temperatures from −50℃ to −160℃, free-flow velocity from 0.1 to 2 m/s, and cryotherapy time up to 420 s, has been developed and implemented. The experimental model, together with the prediction software, forms a complex system for research and controlled implementation of cryotherapy in a wide range of operating parameters. Algorithms for implementing regulated modes for various biological objects and purposes of exposure have been developed and recommendations have been provided, enabling the practical application of the proposed concept.

Refrigeration Technology. 2023;112(1):49-52
pages 49-52 views

Obituary

In memory of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich Sychev
Sapozhnikov S.Z., Kuzma-Kichta Y.A., Goncharova G.Y., Tsvetkov O.B., Arkharov A.M.
Abstract

Vyacheslav Vladimirovich Sychev (December 11, 1933, Odessa — February 14, 2023, Moscow) — Soviet and Russian scientist, doctor of technical sciences, professor at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (MPEI); specialist in thermodynamics; Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation (1996). His main areas of scientific interest were thermodynamics, thermophysics, and information technologies. He was an author of more than 200 printed works, including monographs and books that have been published many times: "Technical Thermodynamics", "Complex Thermodynamic Systems", "Differential Equations of Thermodynamics" and others.
Full member of the International Academy of Sciences, Academy of Technological Sciences of the Russian Federation, Academy of Electrotechnical Sciences, International Academy of Cold, International Academy of Creativity. Member of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC) under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and the Dissertation Council of MPEI.

Laureate of the State Prizes of the USSR (1976, 1988) and the State Prize of the Russian Federation (1996), the Polzunov Prize of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1984), J. Gibbs Prize and Medal of the International Academy of Creativity (1993), Moscow Power Engineering Institute Prize "Honor and Recognition of Generations" (2013). Laureate of the State Prizes of the USSR (1976, 1988) and the State Prize of the Russian Federation (1996). Awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples, Order of Friendship of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Refrigeration Technology. 2023;112(1):53-59
pages 53-59 views

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